Resumo O artigo procura analisar as modalidades fundamentais da atuação dos órgãos estatais (Serviço de Proteção aos Índios, governo do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Fundação Nacional do Índio) no Rio Grande do Sul entre a população kaingang do Alto Uruguai, mais especificamente da região de Votouro, entre 1941 e 1977. O trabalho utiliza diversas fontes secundárias e a memória histórica reunida junto aos Kaingang da região em diversos trabalhos etnográficos, para reconstruir e analisar os processos históricos mais importantes acontecidos nas relações entre Kaingang, os órgãos governamentais e as frentes de expansão agrícola do capitalismo periférico. A análise está centrada nas dinâmicas e processos agenciados por essas instituições para subordinar e explorar a população kaingang com o propósito de promover a acumulação do capital. Dessa forma, analisam-se as particularidades das relações de dominação, exploração e conflito desenvolvidas nesse contexto do capitalismo colonial/moderno. Abordar-se-á o sistema de panelão como expressão específica dessa modalidade de capitalismo na região, detalhando a articulação entre capitalismo colonial/moderno e subsunção formal do trabalho entre os Kaingang.

Abstract The paper intends to analyze the main modalities of the Indian Protection Service’s (SPI) activities in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) among the Kaingang population from Alto Uruguai, more specifically in Votouro region, between 1941 and 1977. This work uses several secondary sources and historical memory gathered along with Kaingang people in various ethnographic works, in order to reconstruct and analyze the most important historical processes occurred in the relationships among Kaingang people, the SPI and agricultural expansion front of peripheral capitalism. The analysis focuses on dynamics and processes managed by SPI in order to subordinate and exploit Kaingang population with purposes connected to capital accumulation. In this way, the paper examines particularities of domination and exploitation relationships and conflict developed in the context of colonial/modern capitalism. We approach the panelão system as a specific expression of this modality of capitalism in the region and we detail the articulation between colonial/modern capitalism and formal subsumption of work between Kaingang people.

The idea / force of development still is one of the fundamental building blocks of the current processes of material production and social subjectivity. Despite its visible depletion and repeated questioning to which it has been submitted, the meta-narrative of development apparently survives and enjoys good health. Far from seeking to support or defend development, the discipline known as anthropology of development has been interested from the beginning in questioning the discourses, practices and the notion of development, from an epistemic locus assuming an ethical-political responsibility to the communities which anthropology works for. This paper proposes a theoretical and methodological framework for the development anthropological approach. From a radical critique of the idea / force of development, work is based on the theoretical perspective of the coloniality of power as an anchor and analytical research point, from which we propose a methodological approach for both the development as episteme and as praxis. Such an approach brings the analysis of the discourses and practices of development as a heterogeneous whole global reach, which can be studied through the integration of different methodological tools from different traditions.

L´idée force du développement continue d'être l´un des fondements des processus actuels de production matérielle et de subjectivation sociale. Au-delà de son épuisement apparent, et des remises en question répétées dont il a été l´objet, le métarécit du développement survit et jouit même d´une bonne santé. Loin de vouloir défendre le développement, l´anthropologie du développement s'est intéressée à la mise en question des discours, des pratiques et de la même notion de développement, à partir d´un locus épistémique qui assume une certaine responsabilité éthico-politique envers les communautés avec lesquelles elle travaille. Cet article propose un cadre théorico-méthodologique pour une approche anthropologique du développement. En assumant une critique radicale de l´idée force de développement, notre travail prend comme cadre théorique et analytique la perspective de la colonialité du pouvoir, pour aborder le développement en tant qu´épistèmê et praxis. Cette approche propose d'analyser les discours et les pratiques du développement comme formant une totalité hétérogène de portée globale, susceptible d´être analysée à travers l´intégration des différentes outils méthodologiques provenant de traditions diverses.

La idea/fuerza de desarrollo continúa siendo uno de los cimientos fundamentales de los procesos actuales de producción material y de subjetivación social. A pesar de su visible agotamiento y de los reiterados cuestionamientos a los que ha sido sometido, el meta-relato del desarrollo pervive y goza aparentemente de buena salud. Lejos de procurar sustentar o defender al desarrollo, la llamada antropología del desarrollo se ha interesado desde sus comienzos por cuestionar los discursos, las practicas y la propia noción de desarrollo, desde un locus epistémico que asume una responsabilidad ético-política con las comunidades con las cuales trabaja las ciencias sociales. Este artículo propone un marco teórico-metodológico para el abordaje antropológico del desarrollo. Partiendo de una crítica radical a la idea/fuerza de desarrollo, el trabajo se asienta en la perspectiva teórica de la colonialidad del poder como punto de anclaje investigativo y analítico desde el cual se propone un abordaje metodológico sobre el desarrollo en tanto espíteme y en tanto praxis. Tal abordaje plantea el análisis de los discursos y prácticas del desarrollo como una totalidad heterogénea de alcance global, que puede ser estudiada a través de la integración de diferentes herramientas metodológicas provenientes de distintas tradiciones.

OBJECTIVE: It is essential to identify a serological marker of injury in order to study the pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia reperfusion. In this work, we studied the evolution of several serological markers after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. The markers of non-specific cell damage were aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase, the markers of inflammation were tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta, and the markers of intestinal mucosal damage were intestinal fatty acid binding protein and D-lactate. We used Chiús classification to grade the histopathological damage. METHODS: We studied 35 Wistar rats divided into groups according to reperfusion time. The superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 30 minutes, and blood and biopsies were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. We plotted the mean ± standard deviation and compared the baseline and maximum values for each marker using Student’s t-test. RESULTS: The maximum values of interleukin-1 beta and lactic dehydrogenase were present before the maximal histopathological damage. The maximum tumor necrosis factor alpha and D-lactate expressions coincided with histopathological damage. Alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransferase had a maximum expression level that increased following the histopathological damage. The maximum expressions of interluken-6 and intestinal fatty acid binding protein were not significantly different from the Sham treated group. CONCLUSION: For the evaluation of injury secondary to acute intestinal ischemia reperfusion with a 30 minute ischemia period, we recommend performing histopathological grading, quantification of D-lactate, which is synthesized by intestinal bacteria and is considered an indicator of mucosal injury, and quantification of tumor necrosis factor alpha as indicators of acute inflammation three hours after reperfusion.

Este artículo explora la conformación del mito de la democracia racial en Venezuela, a través del análisis de la novela nacional Doña Bárbara de Rómulo Gallegos. Publicada por primera vez en 1929, la novela representa una de las obras fundantes tanto del mito de la democracia racial, como de las disposiciones contemporáneas de la identidad nacional en Venezuela. El análisis desarrollado en el trabajo, relaciona la función proyectiva de los diseños nacionales de la élite criolla, con la reconfiguración y consolidación de la colonialidad del poder en la Venezuela del siglo XX. Asimismo, se examinan las prácticas representacionales, contenidas en la obra, y las tecnologías civilizatorias que se proponen allí como solución al problema de la «barbarie» de la sociedad y la naturaleza en Venezuela.

This paper explores the formation of racial democracy myth in Venezuela, by analysing Venezuelan novel Doña Bárbara, by Rómulo Gallegos. Published for the frst time in 1929, this novel is one of the foundational works both of the racial democracy myth and contemporary arrangements of national identity in Venezuela. The analysis here developed links the projective role of criollo elite's national designs to power coloniality's reconfiguration and consolidation in the 20th century Venezuela. Similarly, representational practices contained in the work are examined here, as well as civilizing technologies proposed there as a solution to the problem of the so-called «barbarism» in Venezuelan society and nature.

O artigo explora a conformação do mito da democracia racial na Venezuela mediante a análise do romance nacional Doña Bárbara de Rómulo Gallegos. Este romance, publicado pela primeira vez em 1929, representa uma das obras fundadoras tanto do mito da democracia racial como das disposições contemporâneas da identidade nacional na Venezuela. A análise desenvolvida no trabalho relaciona a função projetiva dos estilos nacionais da elite criolla, com a reconfiguração e consolidação da colonialidade do poder na Venezuela do século XX. Do mesmo modo, examinam-se as práticas representacionais contidas na obra, e as tecnologias civilizatórias que ali se propõem como solução ao problema da «barbárie» da sociedade e da natureza na Venezuela.

The theory of the coloniality of power by Anibal Quijano, was originally formulated in the 90s, and subsequently extended by the Latin American network of intellectuals-activists linked to has been called "Project Modernity / Coloniality / Decoloniality", is a of the proposals epistemic most debated in the contemporary intellectual scene in Latin America. Especially in the Andean region, this proposal has been central in the process of emergence of new critical perspectives and radical ideas, not only in the academic field, but mainly along the epistemic and political actions of different social movements. This paper is a review of the fundamental core of this theory, focusing on the working of Anibal Quijano. Here are introduced the main conceptual components of the coloniality of power, and its potential explanatory of these theoretical elements in understanding the structure of societies and nation states in Latin America.

La théorie de la colonialité du pouvoir, originalement formulée par Aníbal Quijano, au debut des années '90, et amplifiée plus tard par le réseau latinoaméricain d'intellectuels-activistes liés au "Projet Modernité / Colonialité / Décolonialité", est une des propositions épistémiques plus débattues dans la scene intellectuelle contemporaine en Amérique Latine. Particulierement dans la región andine, cette proposition a été -et est actuellement- centrale dans le proces d'émergence de nouvelles perspectives et idées radicales, non seulement dans le champ académique, mais surtout avec l'action épistémique et politique des différents mouvements sociaux. Dans ce travail nous réalisons une révision des points fondamentaux de cette théorie, en focalisant l'analyse sur les propres élaborations d'Aníbal Quijano. Nous introduisons les principales composantes conceptuelles de la colonialité du pouvoir, pour inscrire ensuite la potentialité explicative contenue par ces éléments théoriques dans la compréhension de la structuration des sociétés et des Etats-nations en Amérique Latine.

La teoría de la colonialidad del poder formulada originalmente por Aníbal Quijano, a principios de los anos noventa, y ampliada posteriormente por la red latinoamericana de intelectuales-activistas ligados a lo que se ha denominado "Proyecto Modernidad / Colonialidad / Descolonialidad", es una de las propuestas epistémicas más debatidas en el escenario intelectual contemporáneo en América Latina. Especialmente en la región andina, esta propuesta ha sido -y es actualmente- central en el proceso de emergencia de nuevas perspectivas críticas e ideas radicales, no sólo en el campo académico, sino fundamentalmente junto al accionar epistémico y político de los diferentes movimientos sociales. En este trabajo realizamos una revisión de los núcleos fundamentales de esta teoría, centrándonos en las elaboraciones del propio Aníbal Quijano. Introducimos los principales componentes conceptuales de la colonialidad del poder, para luego inscribir la potencialidad explicativa que contienen estos elementos teóricos en la comprensión de la estructuración de las sociedades y los Estados-nación en América Latina.